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Creative Evolution (Bergson, 1911)
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Henri Bergson
 
Creative Evolution is a 1907 book by French philosopher Henri Bergson. Its English translation appeared in 1911. The book provides an alternate explanation for Darwin's mechanism of evolution, suggesting that evolution is motivated by an �lan vital, a "vital impetus" that can also be understood as humanity's natural creative impulse.
 
The book was very popular in the early decades of the twentieth century, before the Neodarwinian synthesis was developed. The book also develops concepts of time (offered in Bergson's earlier work) which significantly influenced modernist writers and thinkers such as Marcel Proust. For example, Bergson's term "duration" refers to a more individual, subjective experience of time, as opposed to mathematical, objectively measurable "clock time." In Creative Evolution, Bergson suggests that the experience of time as "duration" can best be understood through creative intuition, not through intellect.

p.47 each action is the realization of an intention.
 
p.93 Organization can therefore only be studied scientifically if the organized body has first been likened to a machine... the materiality of this machine does not represent a sum of the means employed, but a sum of obstacles avoided
 
p.93 The vision of a living being is an effective vision, limited to objects on which the being can act
 
p.115 The substances forming the food of animals are just such reservoirs. Made of very complex molecules holding considerable amount of chemical energy in the potential state, that are like explosives which only need a spark to set free the energy stored within them.
 
p.133 By success must be understood, so far as the living being is concerned, an aptitude to develop in the most diverse environments, through the greatest possible variety of obstacles
 
p.155 That which really moves in action interests us only so far as the whole can be advanced, retarded, or stopped by any incident that may happen on the way.
 
p.155 Intelligence, in its natural state, aims at a practically useful end. When it substitutes for movement immobilities put together, it does not pretend to reconstitute the movement such as it actually is; it merely replaces it with a practical equivalent... Of immobility alone does the intellect form a clear idea.
 
p.179 Throughout the whole extent of the animal kingdom, we have said, consciousness seems proportionate to the living being's power of choice. It lights up the zone of potentialities that surround the act. It fills the interval between what is done and what might be done... we may regard is as a simple aid to action, a light that action kindles, a momentary spark flying up from the friction of real action against possible actions.
 
p.263-264 consciousness corresponds exactly to the living being's power of choice; it is co-extensive with the fringe of possible action that surrounds the real action: consciousness is synonymous with invention and with freedom.
 
p.273 All action aims at getting something that we feel the want of, or at creating something that does not yet exist.
 
p.297 Now, it is unquestionable, as we remarked above, that every human action has its starting-point in a dissatisfaction, and thereby a feeling of absence... we seek a thing only because we feel the lack of it... The truth is that the "nothing" concerned here is the absence not so much of a thing as of a utility.
 
p.297-298 In a general way, human work consists in creating utility; and, as long as the work is not done, there is "nothing" - nothing that we want. Our life is thus spent in filling voids, which our intellect conceives under the influence, by no means intellectual, of desires and of regret, under the pressure of vital necessities; and if we mean by void an absence of utility and not of things, we may say, in this quite relative sense, that we are constantly going from the void to the full: such is the direction which our action takes.

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