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Conversational Realities (Shotter, 1993)
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Constructing Life Through Language

This imaginative and original book challenges the traditional scientific view that naturally occurring psychological and sociological 'realities' are to be discovered underlying appearances. Instead, it claims that such orderly realities are both socially constructed and sustained within the context of people's disorderly, everyday conversational activities.

John Shotter's interdisciplinary analysis highlights the socially contested but imaginary nature of many of the 'things' we talk about in social life and illuminates the processes of their construction. He offers a broad-ranging exploration of the rhetorical, argumentative nature of conversational communication, using examples from psychotherapy, management and everyday

p.1 If we see knowing not having an essence, to be described by scientists or philosophers, but rather as a right, by current standards, to believe, then we are well on the way to seeing conversation as the ultimate context within which knowledge is to be understood. Rorty, 1980: 389
 
p.5 to those who occupy the centre [of the discipline of psychology, but appropriately any discipline], new approaches can often seem like dangerous monsters on the prowl around outside the discipline, intent, if allowed in, upon destroying any order so far achieved within it.
 
p.14-15 the construction of a narrative account, quite often distorts what the character of the situation was in actual practice: it falsely completes what was an open and unfinalized circumstance, whose very openness 'invited' and 'enabled' that action taken within it, as something finalized and complete.
 
p.17 Different people in different positions at different moments will live in different realities.
 
p.18 Thus, (i) if uncertainty, vagueness, and ambiguity are real features of much of the world in which we live; and (ii) how we 'construct' or 'specify' these features further influences the nature of our own future lives together, then their contested nature comes as no surprise: for what is at stake, is which of a possible plurality of future next steps should we take for the best? Whose version points towards a best future for us?
 
p.22 it is thought 'natural', so to speak, to think of ourselves as possessing within ourselves something we call our 'mind' - an internal, secular organ of thought which mediates between us and the external reality surrounding us. And furthermore, it is also 'natural' to think that as such, our minds have their own discoverable, natural principles of operation
 
p.40 people mutually judge and correct both each other and themselves as to the 'fittingness' of their actions to what they take their reality to be.
 
p.69 such a science, which only allows the study of rationally constructed objects, excludes imagination, and the exclusion of imagination precludes the possibility of any genuine growth.
 
p.148 The most essential responsibilities for managers... can be characterized as participation in conversations for possibilities that open new backgrounds for the conversations for action. Winograd and Flores, 1986: 151
 
p.148-149 a manager can be seen as a 'repairer', as someone who is able to restore a routine flow of action that has broken down in some way, to give it an intelligible action [JLJ - or to take proactive steps to prevent things from breaking down in the first place]
 
p.151 'effective managers and professionals in all walks of life, whether they be business executives, public administrators, organizational consultants, politicians, or trade unionists, have to become skilled in the art of "reading" the situations that they are attempting to organize or manage'
 
p.154 the manager... their first step is to produce a diagnostic reading... while their second step is to make a critical evaluation... which ultimately involves... making... a judgment of the situation at hand.
 
p.164 human beings... become themselves responsible for much of their own nature... to maintain their nature they must constantly reproduce in their actions the surroundings required to sustain it. And to do this... one must be a free individual
 
p.187 the Achilles heel of hermeneutical accounts: what we cannot make we can have no privileged understanding of

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