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A New Formula for Behaviorism (Tolman, 1922)
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In: Behavior and Psychological Man

p.1 The idea of behaviorism is abroad [JLJ - in wide circulation]. In the most diverse quarters its lingo, if not its substance, is spreading like wildfire. Why?
 
p.4 The stimulating agency... constitutes the independent, initiating cause of the whole behavior phenomena.
 
p.5 If, for example, we find that a mouse can learn to behave differently as a result of [different color cues] we do not conclude anything as regards the animal's consciousness of these colors, as such, but merely something as regards the behavior cues which these colors are capable of evoking in him.
 
p.5 By applying different stimulating agencies to our organism we discover the number and range of his possible behavior cues. We learn which stimulating agencies he can use as a basis for differences of behavior and which he can not use as cues for different behaviors.
 
p.6 A behavior object results from a behavior cue or a group of behavior cues which, because of a particular behavior situation, possesses for the organism in question a specific behavior meaning.
 
p.6 the behavior object is to be defined in the last analysis simply in terms of the group of behaviors to which it may lead.
 
p.7 I would suggest that consciousness as such, i.e., conscious behavior as opposed to merely unconscious behavior, is to be thought of simply as the case in which a number of behavior acts are being made or tending to be made simultaneously. If I am conscious of the chairness of a chair, it is because I tend not only to sit, but to stand up, to kneel, etc., simultaneously.
 
p.7-8 Images and ideas would be simply a particular case where behavior object and behavior cue have different space and time implications from those holding in the case of presented objects and qualities. And feelings and emotions would be treated as combining both behavior objects and behavior cues in that they involve both discriminable qualities and specific unvarying types of behavior

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